Izifo Ezingamahlalakhona Zokuphefumula Ezinkukhuni

I-Chronic Respiratory Disease ingesinye sezifo ezivame kakhulu ezibangelwa amagciwane ezisongela imihlambi emhlabeni wonke. Lapho selingenile emhlambini, lihlala lapho. Kungenzeka yini ukuyigcina ngaphandle nokuthi wenzeni uma enye yezinkukhu zakho inegciwane?

Siyini Izifo Ezingamahlalakhona Zokuphefumula Ezinkukhuni?

I-Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) noma i-mycoplasmosis yisifo esisabalele sebhaktheriya sokuphefumula esibangelwa i-Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG). Izinyoni zinamehlo agcwele amanzi, ukuphuma kwamanzi emakhaleni, ukukhwehlela, nemisindo yokugedla. Isifo sezinkukhu esivame kakhulu okungaba nzima ukusiqeda uma sesingenile emhlambini.

Amagciwane e-mycoplasma akhetha izinkukhu ezingaphansi kwengcindezi. Isifo singahlala silele emzimbeni wenkukhu, sivele sivele lapho inkukhu icindezelekile. Uma lesi sifo sikhula, siyathathelana kakhulu futhi sinezindlela ezimbalwa zokusabalala emhlambini.

I-Mycoplasmosis ingesinye sezifo ezivame ukubonakala emahhovisi odokotela bezilwane. Amaqhude kanye nama-pullet amancane ngokuvamile ahlushwa kakhulu yisifo.

Usizo Lokuqala Ezindabeni Zokuphefumula Enkukhuni

• I-VetRx Veterinary Aid: Beka amaconsi ambalwa e-VetRx efudumele, usuka ebhodleleni, wehle ngomphimbo wenyoni ebusuku. Noma ncibilikisa i-VetRx emanzini okuphuza (iconsi elilodwa enkomishini eyodwa).
• Isixazululo se-EquiSilver: Engeza isixazululo ku-nebulizer. Bamba ngobumnene imaski ye-nebulizer ekhanda labo, uvale umlomo namakhala ngokuphelele. Vumela i-nebulizer ukuthi ijikeleze kuyo yonke inqubo.
• I-Equa Holistics Probiotics: Fafaza isipunu esisodwa kumatshwele angama-30 (kusukela emasontweni angu-0 kuye kwamane ubudala), ngezinkukhu ezincane ezingu-20 (kusukela emavikini amahlanu kuya kwayi-15 ubudala), noma ngezinkukhu ezikhulile eziyi-10 (ezingaphezu kwamaviki angu-16 ubudala) ekudleni kwazo nsuku zonke.

Yini okufanele uyenze uma Isifo Esingamahlalakhona Sokuphefumula Sikhona Emhlanjini Wakho?

Uma unesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi inkukhu eyodwa noma ngaphezulu emhlambini wakho ingaba ne-CRD, noma uma ubona izimpawu zesifo, kubalulekile ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha. Qala ngokunikeza “Usizo Lokuqala” ukuze unikeze usizo olusheshayo nokunakekela okusekela izinyoni zakho. Okulandelayo, sebenzisa izinyathelo zokuvalelwa futhi ucele usizo lukadokotela wezilwane ukuze axilongwe kahle.

Usizo Lokuqala Lwezifo Ezingamahlalakhona Zokuphefumula

Njengoba lesi sifo sihlala singasebenzi emhlambini unomphela, alikho ikhambi elaziwayo noma umkhiqizo ongasiqeda ngokuphelele. Noma kunjalo, imithi ehlukahlukene etholakala ezitolo ingadambisa izimpawu futhi iduduze izinkukhu zakho.

Izinyathelo okufanele uzithathe ngemva kokusola Isifo Esingelapheki Sokuphefumula eMhlanjini wakho

1. Zihlukanise izinkukhu ezinegciwane futhi uzibeke endaweni ethokomele lapho kutholakala kalula khona amanzi nokudla
2. Nciphisa ukucindezeleka ezinyonini
3. Funa usizo lukadokotela wakho wezilwane ukuze uthole ukuxilongwa okufanele kanye nokwelashwa
4. Susa zonke izinkukhu ehhokweni ukuze uzibulale amagciwane
5. Hlanza futhi ubulale amagciwane phansi kwehhoko lezinkukhu, izidleke, izindonga, usilingi, namabhokisi ezidleke.
6. Vumela okungenani izinsuku eziyi-7 ukuze ihhoko liphume umoya ngaphambi kokubuyisela izinyoni zakho ezingatheleleki

Izimpawu Zezifo Ezingamahlalakhona Zokuphefumula

Sicela uqaphele ukuthi udokotela wezilwane kuphela ongakwazi ukuxilonga ngendlela efanele. Indlela ejwayelekile kakhulu yokuxilonga ukusebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwe-PCR kwesikhathi sangempela. Kodwa sizobhekana nezimpawu ezijwayelekile ze-CRD.

Izifo Ezingamahlalakhona Zokuphefumula yi-ukuphefumula okuphezulu ukutheleleka, futhi zonke izimpawu zihlobene nokucindezeleka kokuphefumula. Ekuqaleni, kungase kubonakale njengesifo samehlo esincane. Lapho isifo siba sibi, izinyoni ziba nobunzima bokuphefumula kanye nokuphuma kwamanzi emakhaleni.

Izimpawu Zezifo Ezingamahlalakhona Zokuphefumula yilezi:

• ukuthimula, ukukhwehlela,imisindo yokugegetheka,ukunikina ikhanda
• ukuzamula, ephefumula evule umlomo, ehefuzela
• ukuphuma emakhaleni namakhala agcwele ubomvu
• amanzi,amehlo anegwebu namagwebu
• ukulahlekelwa ukudla kanye nokuncipha kokudla
• ukukhiqizwa kweqanda eliphansi

I-Mycoplasmosis ivame ukuvela njengenkinga nezinye izifo nezifo. Kulezo zimo, izimpawu eziningi zingavela.

Ubukhulu bezimpawu buyahlukahluka ngesimo sokugoma, okubandakanya ukugoma, ukungatheleleki, kanye neminyaka. Izimpawu zivame ukuba buthakathaka ezikhukhukazini ezindala.

Lapho i-amasaka omoyafuthiamaphaphuInkukhu itheleleka, isifo singabulala.

Izifo Ezifanayo

Ukuxilongwa kungase kube nzima njengoba izimpawu zifana kakhulu nezinye izifo zokuphefumula, njenge:

• I-Infectious Coryza– futhi ukutheleleka ngebhaktheriya
• I-Infectious Bronchitis- isifo esithathelwanayo esibangelwa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ze-coronavirus
• I-Laryngotracheitis ethathelwanayo- ukutheleleka ngegciwane ngegciwane le-herpes
• Ikholera Yezinyoni– isifo esibangelwa amagciwane esishintsha amakhekhe enkukhu abe nsomi
• Isifo saseNewcastle- ukutheleleka ngegciwane ngegciwane le-Newcastle Disease
• I-Avian influenza - ukutheleleka ngegciwane ngegciwane lomkhuhlane
• Ukuntuleka kwe-Vitamin A - ukushoda kwe-vitamin A

Ukudluliswa kwe-Mycoplasma

Izifo Ezingamahlalakhona Zokuphefumula ziyathathelana futhi zingangeniswa emhlambini ngezinyoni ezingenwe yilesi sifo. Lezi kungaba ezinye izinkukhu, kodwa futhi ama-turkeys noma izinyoni zasendle. Amagciwane angabuye alethwe ngezingubo, izicathulo, izinto zokusebenza, noma isikhumba sethu.

Lapho esengaphakathi emhlambini, amagciwane asakazeka ngokuthintana ngokuqondile, ukudla namanzi angcolile, nama-aerosols emoyeni. Ngeshwa, i-ejenti ethathelwanayo iphinde isakaze emaqandeni, okwenza kube inselele ukuqeda amagciwane emhlambini onaleli gciwane.

Ukusabalalisa kuvame ukuhamba kancane, futhi ukusatshalaliswa emoyeni cishe akuwona umzila oyinhloko wokusabalalisa.

I-Mycoplasmosis ezinkukhuni ayitheleleki kubantu futhi ayifaki ingozi empilweni. Ezinye izinhlobo ze-Mycoplasma zingathinta abantu, kodwa lezi zihlukile kulezo ezithelela izinkukhu zethu.

Ukwelashwa Kwezifo Ezingamahlalakhona Zokuphefumula

Ama-antibiotic amaningana angasiza ekulweni ne-mycoplasmosis, kodwa akekho kubo ozowasusa ngokuphelele amagciwane. Uma umhlambi usungenwe yilesi sifo, amagciwane asuke ekhona ukuze ahlale. Ama-antibiotics angasiza kuphela ukululama futhi ehlise ukusuleleka kwezinye izinkukhu.

Lesi sifo sihlala silele emhlambini ukuphila konke. Ngakho-ke, kudinga ukwelashwa nyanga zonke ukuze kugcinwe lesi sifo sicindezelekile. Uma wethula izinyoni ezintsha emhlambini, cishe zizongenwa izifo.

Abanikazi abaningi bemihlambi bakhetha ukuqeda futhi bamisele umhlambi izinyoni ezintsha. Ngisho nalapho ushintsha zonke izinyoni, kubalulekile ukususa amagciwane endaweni ngokuphelele ukuze kuqedwe wonke amagciwane.

Ungakwazi yini ukwelapha Izifo Ezingamahlalakhona ZokuphefumulaNgokwemvelo?

Njengoba Izifo Ezingamahlalakhona Zokuphefumula zihlala emhlambini impilo yonke, izinyoni kufanele zelashwe ngokuqhubekayo ngemithi. Lokhu kusetshenziswa okungapheli kwama-antibiotic kunengozi enkulu yokuthi amagciwane angazweli kuma-antibiotic.

Ukuze babhekane nalokhu, ososayensi bafuna enye imithi yamakhambi ezothatha indawo yama-antibiotic. Ngo-2017,abacwaningi batholaukuthi okukhishwe kwesitshalo se-Meniran kusebenza kahle kakhulu ngokumelene ne-Mycoplasma gallisepticum.

Amakhambi e-Meniran aqukethe izinhlanganisela eziningi ze-bioactive ezinomsebenzi we-antibacterial, njenge-terpenoids, i-alkaloids, i-flavonoids, i-saponins, nama-tannins.Kamuva izifundoyaqinisekisa le miphumela futhi yabika ukuthi i-Meniran extract 65% yokwengeza ibe nomthelela omkhulu empilweni yenkukhu.

Nakuba le miphumela ithembisa, ungalindeli ukuthuthuka okufanayo okukhulu okuvela emakhambi emithi uma kuqhathaniswa nama-antibiotic.

Umthelela Wezifo Ezingamahlalakhona Zokuphefumula ngemva kokululama

Ngisho nangemva kokululama, izinyoni zithwala amagciwane ngokuthula emzimbeni wazo. Lawa magciwane awabangeli izimpawu zomtholampilo, kodwa anomthelela emzimbeni wenkukhu. Umphumela oyinhloko ukwehla okuncane kodwa okuphawulekayo okungapheli ekukhiqizeni amaqanda ezinkukhu ezibekela amaqanda.

Okufanayo kuyasebenza nasezinkukhwini ezigonywe ngemijovo ephilayo enciphile, njengoba sizoxoxa kamuva.

Izinto Eziyingozi

Izinkukhu eziningi zithwala amagciwane kodwa azibonisi zimpawu zize zibe nengcindezi. Ukucindezeleka kungavela ngezindlela eziningi.

Izibonelo zezinto eziyingozi ezingabangela i-mycoplasmosis ebangelwa ukucindezeleka zihlanganisa:

• ukwethula inkukhu emhlambini omusha
• umhlambi osinda aumhlaseliukuhlasela
• ukulahlekelwa izimpaphe ngesikhathiukuncibilika
• ngokweqile nomaamaqhude anolaka
• ukungabi nendawoehhokweni lezinkukhu
• ukungondleki kanye nemikhuba yokudla engenampilo
• iswelaukungena komoyakanye nezinga lomoya eliphansi

Akubona ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuthi izingcindezi ziyini, futhi ngezinye izikhathi akuthathi okuningi ukufika endaweni yokuphothula. Ngisho nokushintsha okungazelelwe kwesimo sezulu nesimo sezulu kungabangela ukucindezeleka okwanele ukuze i-Mycoplasma ithathe izintambo.

Ukuvimbela Izifo Ezingamahlalakhona Zokuphefumula

Ukuvimbela Izifo Ezingamahlalakhona Zokuphefumula kuhlanganisa izingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko:

• ukunciphisa ukucindezeleka nokugwema izimo ezicindezelayo
• ukuvimbela amagciwane ukuthi angangeni emhlambini
• ukugoma

Empeleni lokhu kusho:

• thola kuphela izinyoni emihlambini engenayo i-mycoplasmosis futhi egonywe ngokugcwele
• beka noma yiziphi izinkukhu ezintsha endaweni eyodwa amasonto ambalwa
• sebenzisa i-biosecurity enhle, ikakhulukazi lapho uvakashela eminye imihlambi
• hlinzeka ngokwaneleukungena komoya ehhokweni; umusi we-ammonia ucasula futhi wenze buthaka uqhoqhoqho lezinkukhu
• njalohlanza futhi ukhiphe amagciwane ehhokweni lezinkukhu, okokuphakelayo, kanye namanzi
• qinisekisaizinkukhu zinendawo eyanele ehhokweni futhi zigijime
• hlinzeka ngezindawo zokukhosela ukuvimbela ingcindezi yokushisa noma ukushisa kwangaphandle ezimeni ezibandayo
• ukunciphisa ubuxhwanguxhwangu noma ukulimala kwezimpaphe ngeama-pinless peeperskanye/nomaizihlalo zenkukhu
• predator proof inkukhu yakho ngehhokoizilwane ezidla ezinye ezivamile endaweni yangakini
• hlinzeka umhlambi wakho ngokudla okufanele futhi wengeze izithasiselo zezinyoni ezibuthakathaka

Zonke lezi zinyathelo zibalulekile lapho usebenza namatshwele. Uhlu olude lwemibandela, kodwa eziningi zalezi zinyathelo kufanele zibe yingxenye yendlela yakho evamile yansuku zonke. Kuyasiza ukwengeza izithasiselo zama-antibiotic emanzini okuphuza ezimeni ezicindezelayo.

Manje, kukhona okumele kushiwo mayelana nokugoma.

Ukugonyelwa i-Mycoplasmosis

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zemithi yokugoma etholakalayo:

• amagciwane– imithi yokugoma esekelwe kumagciwane abulewe nangasebenzi
• imigomo ephilayo- imigomo esekelwe kumagciwane aphilayo abuthaka e-F-strain, i-ts-11 strain, noma i-6/85 strain

Amagciwane

Amagciwane yiwona aphephe kakhulu ngoba awasebenzi ngokuphelele futhi awakwazi ukugulisa izinkukhu. Kodwa awavamisile ukusetshenziswa njengoba eza nezindleko eziphezulu. Ayisebenzi kahle kunemithi yokugoma ephilayo njengoba ikwazi ukulawula izifo okwesikhashana futhi ayinawo umthelela omkhulu ekuvikeleni amagciwane.uhlelo lokuphefumula lwenkukhuesikhathini eside (Kleven). Ngakho-ke, izinyoni zidinga ukuthola imithamo ephindaphindiwe yemithi yokugoma.

Imithi yokugoma ebukhoma

Imithi yokugoma ephilayo iphumelela kakhulu, kodwa iqukethe amagciwane angempela. Zinonya futhi ziza nemiphumela emibi emibi. Imihlambi egonyiwe inokukhiqizwa kwamaqanda okwehlile uma kuqhathaniswa nemihlambi engagonyiwe ngokuphelele.Ososayensiicwaninge imihlambi yezohwebo engu-132 futhi yabika umehluko wamaqanda angaba yisishiyagalombili ngonyaka ngesikhukhukazi ngasinye. Lo mehluko awubalulekile emihlambini emincane yasemuva kodwa ubalulekile emapulazini amakhulu ezinkukhu.

Okubi kakhulu kwemithi yokugoma ephilayo ukuthi igulisa izinyoni. Bathwala isifo futhi bazosakaza kwezinye izinyoni. Lokho kuyinkinga enkulu kubanikazi bezinkukhu abagcina ama-turkeys. Kuma-turkeys, isimo sibi kakhulu kunezinkukhu futhi siza nezimpawu ezinzima. Ikakhulukazi imigomo esekelwe ku-F-strain iyingozi kakhulu.

Eminye imithi yokugoma yenziwe ngokususelwa kuhlobo lwe-ts-11 kanye ne-6/85 ukuze kunqobe ubungozi bomgomo we-F-strain. Le mithi yokugoma ayina-pathogenic encane kodwa ijwayele ukungasebenzi kahle nayo. Eminye imihlambi yongqimba eyagonywa nge-ts-11 kanye neketanga le-6/85 yayisenezifo futhi kwadingeka ukuthi iphinde igonywe ngokuhlukile kwe-F-strain.

Imithi yokugoma yesikhathi esizayo

Njengamanje, ososayensibayacwaningaizindlela ezintsha zokunqoba izinkinga ngemithi yokugoma ekhona. Le mithi yokugoma isebenzisa amasu esimanje, njengokwakhiwa komuthi wokugoma osuselwa ku-adenovirus. Le mithi yokugoma inoveli ibonisa imiphumela ethembisayo futhi maningi amathuba okuthi izosebenza ngempumelelo futhi ingabizi kakhulu kunezinketho zamanje.

Ukusabalala Kwezifo Ezingamahlalakhona Zokuphefumula

Eminye imithombo ilinganisela ukuthi ama-65% emihlambi yezinkukhu emhlabeni athwala amagciwane e-Mycoplasma. Kuyisifo somhlaba wonke, kodwa ukubhebhetheka kuyehluka ezweni ngalinye.

Ngokwesibonelo, kuI-Ivory Coast, ukusabalala kwe-Mycoplasma gallisepticum ngo-2021 kudlule uphawu lwama-90% emapulazini esimanje athuthukisiwe ezinkukhu angamashumi ayisishiyagalombili. Ngokuphambene nalokho, kuEBelgium, ukuvama kwe-M. Gallisepticum ezingqimbeni nasezinkukhu ezinkukhu bekungaphansi kwamaphesenti amahlanu. Abacwaningi bacabanga ukuthi lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amaqanda okuzalanisa agadiwe ngokusemthethweni eBelgium.

Lezi izinombolo ezisemthethweni ezivela emapulazini ezinkukhu ezithengiswayo. Kodwa-ke, lesi sifo senzeka kakhulu emihlambini yezinkukhu engasemuva engalawuleki.

Ukusebenzelana namanye Amagciwane Nezifo

I-Chronic Respiratory Infection ibangelwa i-Mycoplasma gallisepticum futhi izifo ezingelula ezinkukhwini ngokuvamile zithambile. Ngeshwa, amagciwane ngokuvamile ajoyina ibutho lamanye amagciwane. Ikakhulukazi izifo ze-E. coli ziyeza. Ukutheleleka nge-E. Coli kubangela ukuvuvukala okukhulu kwamasaka omoya enkukhu, inhliziyo nesibindi.

Eqinisweni, i-Mycoplasma gallisepticum iwuhlobo olulodwa kuphela lwe-Mycoplasma. Kunezinhlobo eziningana futhi ezinye zazo kuphela ezizoholela eSifo Esingapheli Sokuphefumula. Lapho udokotela wezilwane noma uchwepheshe welebhu ehlola Izifo Ezingamahlalakhona Zokuphefumula, wenza ukuxilongwa okuhlukile ukuze ahlukanise i-mycoplasmas ebangela izifo. Yingakho basebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwe-PCR. Ukuhlolwa kwamangqamuzana okuhlaziya i-swab ephezulu yokuphefumula kubheka izinto zofuzo ze-Mycoplasma gallisepticum.

Ngaphandle kwe-E. Coli, ezinye izifo ezivamile ezihambisanayo zihlanganisaIsifo saseNewcastle, Avian Influenza,I-Infectious Bronchitis, futhiI-Laryngotracheitis ethathelwanayo.

I-Mycoplasma gallisepticum

I-Mycoplasma iwuhlobo oluphawulekayo lwamabhaktheriya amancane angenalo udonga lwamaseli. Yingakho amelana kakhulu nama-antibiotic amaningana. Ama-antibiotic amaningi abulala amagciwane ngokucekela phansi udonga lwamaseli awo.

Kukhona amakhulu ezinhlobonhlobo ezibangela izifo zokuphefumula ezilwaneni, ezinambuzaneni nakubantu. Ezinye izinhlobo zingathinta ngisho nezitshalo. Zonke ziza ngezimo ezihlukahlukene futhi ezinobukhulu obungama-nanometer angu-100, ziphakathi kwezinto eziphilayo ezincane kakhulu ezisatholakele.

Ikakhulukazi i-Mycoplasma gallisepticum ebangela Izifo Ezingamahlalakhona Zokuphefumula ezinkukhuni, amaturkey, amajuba, nezinye izinyoni. Kodwa-ke, izinkukhu zingase ziphathwe isifo kanye ne-Mycoplasma synoviae. Lamagciwane aphinde ahlasele amathambo namalunga enkukhu, phezu kwesimiso sokuphefumula.

Isifinyezo

Izifo Ezingamahlalakhona Zokuphefumula, noma i-mycoplasmosis, yisifo esisabalele sebhaktheriya esibangelwa ukucindezeleka esithinta isistimu yokuphefumula ephezulu yezinkukhu nezinye izinyoni. Kuyisifo esibeleselayo, futhi uma singena emhlambini, sihlala lapho. Nakuba ingelashwa ngemithi elwa namagciwane, amagciwane ayophila ngokuthula emzimbeni wenkukhu.

Uma umhlambi wakho usuthelelekile, kufanele ukhethe ukunciphisa noma ukuqhubeka nomhlambi wazi ukuthi ukutheleleka kukhona. Azikho ezinye izinkukhu ezingangeniswa noma zikhishwe emhlambini.

Kunemithi yokugoma eminingi etholakalayo. Eminye imithi yokugoma isuselwe kubhaktheriya engasasebenzi futhi iphephe kakhulu ukuyisebenzisa. Nokho, awasebenzi kangako, ayabiza, futhi kumelwe anikezwe njalo. Eminye imithi yokugoma isekelwe kumagciwane aphilayo kodwa izothelela izinkukhu zakho. Lokhu kuyinkinga ikakhulukazi uma unama-turkeys, njengoba lesi sifo sinzima kakhulu kuma-turkeys.

Izinkukhu ezisinda kulesi sifo ngeke zikhombise izimpawu zokugula kodwa zingakhombisa imiphumela engemihle, njengokuncipha kokukhiqizwa kwamaqanda. Lokhu kuyasebenza nasezinkukhuni ezigonywe ngemigomo ephilayo.