Umthombo: Ukufuywa Kwezilwane Zangaphandle, Ingulube Nezinkukhu, No.01,2019

Abstract: Leli phepha lethula ukusetshenziswa kweama-antibiotics ekukhiqizeni inkukhu, kanye nomthelela wayo ekusebenzeni kokukhiqizwa kwezinkukhu, ukusebenza kwamasosha omzimba, izitshalo zamathumbu, ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo wezinkukhu, izinsalela zezidakamizwa nokungazweli emishanguzweni, futhi ihlaziya ithemba lesicelo kanye nesiqondiso sesikhathi esizayo sokuthuthukiswa kwama-antibiotic embonini yezinkukhu.

Amagama abalulekile: ama-antibiotic; inyama yenkukhu; ukusebenza kokukhiqiza; umsebenzi wokuzivikela omzimba; insalela yezidakamizwa; ukumelana nezidakamizwa

Inombolo Ephakathi Yokuhlukaniswa: S831 Ikhodi yelogo yedokhumenti: Inombolo ye-Athikili C: 1001-0769 (2019) 01-0056-03

Imithi elwa namagciwane noma imithi elwa namagciwane inganqanda futhi ibulale ama-microorganisms amagciwane ezindaweni ezithile.U-Moore et al ubike ngokokuqala ngqa ukuthi ukungezwa kwemithi elwa namagciwane ekudleni kuthuthukisa kakhulu ukuzuza kwesisindo sansuku zonke [1] kuma-broilers.Kamuva, imibiko efanayo iye yanda kancane kancane. ngawo-1990, ucwaningo lwemithi elwa namagciwane embonini yezinkukhu lwaqala eShayina. Manje, ama-antibiotic angaphezu kuka-20 asetshenziswe kabanzi, adlala indima ebalulekile ekukhuthazeni ukukhiqizwa kwezinkukhu kanye nokuvimbela nokulawula izifo.Inqubekelaphambili yocwaningo lwethonya lama-antibiotic ezinkukhu yethulwa kanje.

1; Umthelela wama-antibiotics ekusebenzeni kokukhiqizwa kwezinkukhu

I-Yellow, i-dynamycin, i-bacidin zinc, i-amamycin, njll., ingasetshenziswa ukukhuthaza ukukhula, umshini uwukuthi: ukuvimbela noma ukubulala amagciwane amathumbu enkukhu, ukuvimbela ukwanda kwamagciwane ayingozi emathunjini, ukunciphisa isigameko; yenza udonga lwamathumbu esilwane lube mncane, luthuthukise ukutholakala kwe-mucosa emathunjini, ukusheshisa ukumuncwa kwezakhi; vimbela ukukhula nokusebenza kwamathumbu emathunjini, ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-microbial kwezakhi kanye namandla, futhi kwandise ukutholakala kwezakhi ezinkukhu; vimbela amagciwane ayingozi emathunjini akhiqiza ama-metabolite ayingozi [2].U-Anshengying et al wengeze ama-antibiotic ukuze ondle amatshwele amaqanda, akhulise isisindo somzimba wawo ngo-6.24% ekupheleni kwesikhathi sokuhlolwa, futhi anciphisa imvamisa yohudo ngo- [3] .Wan Jianmei et al wengeze imithamo ehlukene ye-Virginamycin ne-enricamycin ekudleni okuyisisekelo kwama-broilers we-AA wosuku olu-1, okwandise ngokuphawulekayo ukuzuzwa kwesisindo sansuku zonke sezinsuku eziyi-11 kuya kwezingu-20 ubudala kanye nesilinganiso sokudla kwansuku zonke kwezinkukhu zenyama ezinezinsuku ezingu-22 kuya kwezingu-41; ukwengeza i-flavamycin (5 mg / kg) kwandise kakhulu isilinganiso sesisindo sansuku zonke se-broilers endala yezinsuku ezingu-22 kuya kwezingu-41.Ni Jiang et al. wanezela 4 mg / kg lincomycin kanye 50 mg / kg zinc; kanye ne-20 mg / kg colistin ye-26 d, okwandise kakhulu ukuzuza kwesisindo sansuku zonke [5].Wang Manhong et al. wanezela i-enlamycin, i-bacracin zinc kanye ne-naceptide ye-42, d ngokulandelanayo ekudleni kwenkukhu ye-AA yosuku olu-1, okwaba nemiphumela ephawulekayo yokuthuthukisa ukukhula, ngesilinganiso sokunyuka kwesisindo sansuku zonke kanye nokudla okuphakelayo kwanda, futhi isilinganiso senyama sehla ngo- [6].

2; Imiphumela yemithi elwa namagciwane ekusebenzeni kwamasosha omzimba ezinkukhu

Ukuzivikela komzimba kwemfuyo nezinkukhu kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukumelana nezifo kanye nokunciphisa ukuvela kwezifo.Ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwesikhathi eside kwama-antibiotics kuzovimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwezitho zokuzivikela ezinkukhu, kunciphise umsebenzi wazo wokuzivikela kanye nokungena kalula. izifo.Indlela yayo yokuvimbela i-immunosuppression yilezi: ukubulala ngokuqondile ama-microorganisms amathumbu noma ukuvimbela ukukhula kwawo, ukunciphisa ukukhuthazwa kwe-epithelium yamathumbu kanye nezicubu ze-lymphoid zamathumbu, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa isimo sokusebenza sokuzivikela komzimba; ukuphazamisa ukuhlanganiswa kwe-immunoglobulin; ukunciphisa i-phagocytosis yamaseli; kanye nokunciphisa umsebenzi we-mitotic wama-lymphocyte omzimba [7] .Jin Jiushan et al. wanezela u-0.06%, 0.010% kanye no-0.15% we-chloramphenicol izinsuku ezingu-2 kuya kwezingu-60 zama-broilers ubudala, okwakunomthelela omkhulu ovimbela uhudo lwenkukhu kanye nomkhuhlane we-avian typhoid fever, kodwa okuvinjelwe kakhulu futhi kukhubazekile [8] ezithweni, umnkantsha kanye ne-hemocytopoiesis.Zhang Rijun et al bondle ama-broilers anosuku olu-1 ukudla okuqukethe i-150 mg / kg i-goldomycin, nesisindo se-thymus, i-spleen ne-bursa sehle kakhulu [9] ezinsukwini ezingu-42 ubudala.Guo Xinhua et al. wanezela i-150 mg / kg ye-gilomycin ekuphakeleni kwabesilisa be-AA abanosuku olu-1, okuvimbela kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kwezitho ezifana ne-bursa, ukuphendula kwe-humoral immune, kanye nezinga lokuguqulwa kwama-T lymphocyte kanye ne-B lymphocytes.Ni Jiang et al. kuphakelwe i-lincomycin hydrochloride engu-4 mg/kg, ama-broilers angama-50 mg no-20 mg/kg ngokulandelana, futhi inkomba ye-bursac kanye nenkomba ye-thymus kanye nenkomba ye-spleen ayizange ishintshe kakhulu. Ukukhishwa kwe-IgA esigabeni ngasinye samaqembu amathathu kwehle kakhulu, futhi inani le-serum IgM eqenjini le-bactereracin zinc lehle kakhulu [5]. Nokho, uJia Yugang et al. wengeze i-50 mg / kg ye-gilomycin ekudleni kwamadoda osuku olulodwa ukuze kwandiswe inani le-immunoglobulin IgG ne-IgM ezinkukhwini zaseTibet, kukhuthaze ukukhululwa kwe-cytokine IL-2, IL-4 kanye ne-INF-in serum, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukise umsebenzi wokuzivikela komzimba [11], ngokuphambene nezinye izifundo.

3; Umphumela wama-antibiotics esitshalweni samathumbu enkukhu

Kukhona ama-microorganisms ahlukahlukene emgudwini wokugaya wezinkukhu ezivamile, okugcina ibhalansi enamandla ngokusebenzisa ukuxhumana, okukhuthaza ukukhula nokuthuthukiswa kwezinkukhu.Ngemva kokusetshenziswa kakhulu kwama-antibiotics, ukufa nokunciphisa amagciwane azwelayo emgudwini wokugaya kuyaphazamisa. iphethini yokuvinjelwa okuhambisanayo phakathi kwezitshalo zebhaktheriya, okuholela ekuthelelekeni okusha.Njengento engavimbela ngempumelelo amagciwane, izidakamizwa ezilwa namagciwane zingavimbela futhi zibulale wonke ama-microorganisms ezinkukhu, okungaholela ekuphazamisekeni kokugaya ukudla futhi kubangele izifo zomgudu wokugaya ukudla.Tong Jianming et al. wengeze i-gilomycin engu-100 mg / kg ekudleni okuyisisekelo kwenkukhu ye-AA yosuku olu-1, inani le-Lactobacillus ne-bifidobacterium ku-rectum ezinsukwini ezingu-7 lalingaphansi kakhulu kuneqembu lokulawula, kwakungekho umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwenombolo yamagciwane amabili. emva kwezinsuku ezingu-14 ubudala; inani le-Escherichia coli lalingaphansi kakhulu kuneqembu lokulawula ezinsukwini ezingu-7,14,21 kanye nezinsuku ezingu-28, futhi [12] neqembu lokulawula kamuva. kanye ne-Salmonella, futhi kwavimbela ngokuphawulekayo ukwanda kwe-Lactobacillus [13].UMa Yulong et al. kondliwa ukudla kosuku olu-1 lukabhontshisi kabhontshisi kabhontshisi wokudla okungezwe ngo-50 mg/kg i-aureomycin kumatshwele e-AA izinsuku ezingama-42, kunciphisa inani le-Clostridium enterica ne-E. coli, kodwa akukhiqizanga likhulu [14] kubhaktheriya ephelele ye-aerobic, ingqikithi yamagciwane anaerobic kanye nezinombolo ze-Lactobacillus.Wu opan et al wengeze i-20 mg / kg i-Virginiamycin ekudleni kwenkukhu ye-AA yosuku olu-1, okwanciphisa i-polymorphism yezitshalo zamathumbu, okwehlisa i-ileal ne-cecal yezinsuku ezingu-14 ubudala, futhi yabonisa umehluko omkhulu. ekufananeni kwemephu yebhaktheriya [15].U-Xie et al wengeze i-cephalosporin ekudleni kwamatshwele anophaphe oluphuzi anosuku olu-1 ubudala futhi wathola ukuthi umphumela wawo ovimbelayo ku-L. lactis emathunjini amancane, kodwa unganciphisa kakhulu inani le-L. [ 16] ku-rectum.ULei Xinjian wengeze u-200 mg / kg;;;;;;;; i-bactereracin zinc kanye ne-30 mg / kg i-Virginiamycin ngokulandelana, eyehlisa kakhulu inani le-cechia coli ne-Lactobacillus kuma-broilers anezinsuku ezingu-42 ubudala. U-Yin Luyao et al wengeze u-0.1 g / kg we-bacracin zinc premix ku-70 d, okunciphisa ukuchichima amagciwane ayingozi ku-cecum, kodwa ukuchichima kwama-microorganisms e-cecum nawo ancipha [18].Kukhona nemibiko embalwa ephikisanayo yokuthi ukungezwa kwe-20 mg / kg sulfate antienemy element kungakhuphula kakhulu inani le-bifidobacterium [19] ku-cecal. okuqukethwe kwezinkukhu zezinkukhu ezinezinsuku ezingama-21 ubudala.

4; Umthelela wama-antibiotics kwikhwalithi yomkhiqizo wezinkukhu

Ikhwalithi yenkukhu neqanda ihlobene eduze nenani lokudla okunempilo, futhi umphumela wemithi elwa namagciwane eqophelweni lemikhiqizo yezinkukhu awuhambisani.Ezinsukwini ezingu-60 ubudala, ukwengeza i-5 mg / kg ye-60 d kungakhuphula izinga lokulahlekelwa kwamanzi emisipha futhi kunciphise izinga. yenyama ephekiwe, futhi andise okuqukethwe amafutha acid unsaturated, polyunsaturated okunamafutha acid kanye ezibalulekile okunamafutha acid ezihlobene freshness kanye nobumnandi, okubonisa ukuthi imithi elwa namagciwane abe nomthelela omubi kancane izakhiwo ngokomzimba izinga inyama futhi kungaba ngcono ukunambitheka [20] inkukhu ngokwezinga elithile.U-Wan Jianmei et al wengeze i-virinamycin ne-enlamycin ekudleni kwenkukhu ye-AA yosuku olu-1 ubudala, okungazange kube nomthelela omkhulu ekusebenzeni kokuhlaba noma ikhwalithi yemisipha, futhi i-flavamycin yehlisa ukulahlekelwa ukuconsa [4] esifubeni senkukhu. imisipha.Kusuka ku-0.03% we-gilomycin kuya ezinsukwini ezingu-56 ubudala, izinga lokuhlaba lenyuke ngo-0.28%, 2.72%, 8.76%, izinga lemisipha yesifuba ngo-8.76%, kanye nezinga lamafutha esisu ngo-19.82% [21].Ekudleni kwezinsuku ezingu-40 kwenezelwa nge-50 mg / kg ye-gilomycin ye-70 d, izinga le-pectoral muscle lenyuke ngo-19.00%, futhi amandla e-pectoral shear kanye nokulahlekelwa kwe-drip kwehle kakhulu ngo- [22]. -Ukudla okuyisisekelo okudala kwama-AA broilers kwanciphisa kakhulu ukulahlekelwa kwengcindezi yemisipha yesifuba futhi kwanda kakhulu [23] nge-T-SOD vitality kanye namazinga e-T-AOC emisipha yomlenze. Ucwaningo lukaZou Qiang et al ngesikhathi esifanayo sokudla ekuzaleni okuhlukene izindlela zabonisa ukuthi ukubaluleka kokutholwa kwe-masticatory ye-anti-cage gushi chicken breast kwaba ngcono kakhulu; kodwa ubumnene nokunambitha bekungcono futhi amaphuzu okuhlola izinzwa athuthuke kakhulu [24] .Liu Wenlong et al. ithole ukuthi inani eliphelele lezinto zokunambitheka okuguquguqukayo, ama-aldehydes, utshwala nama-ketones ayephezulu kakhulu kunezinkukhu zamahhala kunezinkukhu zasendlini. Ukuzalanisa ngaphandle kokwengeza ama-antibiotics kungathuthukisa ngokuphawulekayo okuqukethwe kwe-flavour [25] emaqandeni ngaphezu kwamagciwane.

5; Umthelela wama-antibiotic ezinsalela emikhiqizweni yezinkukhu

Eminyakeni yamuva, amanye amabhizinisi aphishekela izithakazelo ezihlangothini olulodwa, futhi ukusetshenziswa kabi kwama-antibiotic kuholela ekuqongeleleni okwandayo kwezinsalela zama-antibiotic emikhiqizweni yenkukhu. kg ngokulandelana, izinga lokutholwa lalingama-33.3% kanye nama-60%; insalela ephakeme kakhulu ye-streptomycin emaqandeni yayingu-0.7 mg / kg kanti izinga lokutholwa lalingu-20% [26].Wang Chunlin et al. ukudla okuphakelayo okunamandla amakhulu okungezwe ngo-50 mg/kg we-gilmomycin kuya enkukhu enosuku olu-1 ubudala. Inkukhu yayinensalela ye-gilomycin esibindini nasezinso, enenani eliphakeme elingu- [27] esibindini. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-12, insalela ye-gilmycin emsipha wesifuba yayingaphansi kuka-0.10 g/g (umkhawulo wensalela omkhulu); futhi insalela esibindini nasezinso 23 d ngokulandelana;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; Yayingaphansi komkhawulo wensalela ohambisanayo [28] ngemva kuka-28 d. ULin Xiaohua wayelingana nezingcezu ezingu-173 zemfuyo nenyama yenkukhu eqoqwe eGuangzhou kusukela ngo-2006 kuya ku-2008, izinga elidlule lalingu-21.96%, futhi okuqukethwe kwakungu-0.16 mg / kg ~9.54 mg / kg [29].U-Yan Xiaofeng wanquma izinsalela zemithi elwa namagciwane e-tetracycline kumasampula amaqanda angu-50, futhi wathola ukuthi i-tetracycline ne-doxycycline zinezinsalela [30] kumasampula amaqanda.U-Chen Lin et al. yabonisa ukuthi ngokwandiswa kwesikhathi sezidakamizwa, ukunqwabelana kwama-antibiotics emisipha yesifuba, imisipha yomlenze nesibindi, i-amoxicillin nama-antibiotics, i-amoxicillin ne-Doxycycline emaqanda amelana, nokuningi [31] emaqanda amelana.Qiu Jinli et al. wanika ama-broilers wezinsuku ezahlukene u-250 mg/L;; kanye ne-333 mg / L ye-50% i-hydrochloride powder e-soluble kanye ngosuku nge-5 d, iningi lezicubu zesibindi kanye nezinsalela eziphakeme kakhulu esibindini nasemisipha ngezansi [32] ngemva kokuhoxiswa kwe-5 d.

6; Umthelela wama-antibiotics ekungazweni nomuthi enkukhu

Ukusetshenziswa okweqile kwesikhathi eside kwama-antibiotics emfuyweni nasezinkukhuni kuzokhiqiza amagciwane amaningi amelana nemithi, ukuze yonke i-pathogenic microbial flora izoshintsha kancane kancane iye lapho ibhekene khona nemithi [33]. amagciwane atholakala enkukhu aya ngokuya eba yingozi kakhulu, izinhlobo ezimelana nemithi ziyanda, isibalo sokumelana nemithi siya ngokuya siba banzi, futhi ukuzwela kwemithi elwa namagciwane kuncipha, okuletha ubunzima ekuvimbeleni nasekulawuleni izifo.Liu Jinhua et al. Izinhlobo ezingu-116 ze-S. aureus ezihlukanisiwe kwamanye amapulazi ezinkukhu e-Beijing nase-Hebei zathola amazinga ahlukene okumelana nezidakamizwa, ikakhulukazi ukumelana nezidakamizwa, futhi ukumelana nezidakamizwa i-S. aureus inomkhuba wokukhula unyaka nonyaka [34].Zhang Xiuying et al. Izinhlobo ezingama-25 ze-Salmonella ezivela kwamanye amapulazi ezinkukhu e-Jiangxi, e-Liaoning nase-Guangdong, zazizwela kuphela i-kanamycin ne-ceftriaxone, futhi amazinga okumelana ne-nalidixic acid, i-streptomycin, i-tetracycline, i-sulfa, i-cotrimoxazole, i-amoxicillin, i-ampicillin namanye ama-fluoroquinolones ayengaphezu kwe-50%. 35].UXue Yuan et al. ithole ukuthi izinhlobo ezingama-30 E. coli ezibekwe zodwa e-Harbin zinokuzwela okuhlukile kuma-antibiotics angu-18, ukumelana nezidakamizwa eziningi ezinzima, i-amoxicillin / i-potassium clavulanate, i-ampicillin ne-ciprofloxacin yayingu-100%, futhi izwela kakhulu [36] ku-amtreonam, i-amomycin ne-polymyxin B.Wang Qiwen et al. Ihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezingu-10 ze-streptococcus ezithweni zezinkukhu ezifile, amelana ngokuphelele ne-nalidixic acid ne-lomesloxacin, ezwela kakhulu ku-kanamycin, i-polymyxin, i-lecloxacin, i-novovomycin, i-vancomycin ne-meloxicillin, futhi inokumelana okuthile [37] kwamanye ama-antibiotic amaningi. Ucwaningo lwe-Qu Ping lwathola ukuthi Izinhlobo ezingu-72 ze-jejuni zineziqu ezihlukene zokumelana ne-quinolones, i-cephalosporins, i-tetracyclines imelana kakhulu, i-penicillin, i-sulfonamide iyakwazi ukumelana nokuphakathi, i-macrolide, i-aminoglycosides, i-lincoamides iphansi ukumelana [38] . ukumelana [39].

Ukufingqa, ukusetshenziswa kwemithi elwa namagciwane embonini yezinkukhu kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kokukhiqiza, kunciphise izifo, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwesikhathi eside nokubanzi kwama-antibiotic akuthinti nje kuphela ukusebenza kwamasosha omzimba kanye nebhalansi yemvelo yamathumbu emathunjini, kwehlise izinga lenyama kanye nokunambitheka, ngesikhathi Ngesikhathi esifanayo kuzokhiqiza ukumelana namagciwane kanye nezinsalela zezidakamizwa enyameni nasemaqanda, kuthinte ukuvimbela nokulawula isifo sezinkukhu kanye nokuphepha kokudla, ukulimaza impilo yabantu.Ngo-1986, iSweden yaba ngeyokuqala ukuvimbela ama-antibiotic ekudleni, futhi ngo-2006, i-European Union yavala ama-antibiotics. emfuyweni nasezinkukhuni, futhi kancane kancane emhlabeni jikelele.Ngo-2017, i-World Health Organization yabiza ukuthi kumiswe ama-antibiotics ukuze kukhuthazwe ukuvimbela izifo kanye nokukhula okunempilo ezilwaneni.Ngakho-ke, kuwumkhuba ojwayelekile ukwenza ucwaningo lwama-antibiotic. ezinye izindlela, kuhlanganiswe nokusetshenziswa kwezinye izindlela zokuphatha kanye nobuchwepheshe, futhi kugqugquzele ukuthuthukiswa kokuzalanisa okungazweli, okuzoba inkomba yokuthuthukiswa kwemboni yezinkukhu esikhathini esizayo.

Izikhombo: (39 izihloko, zikhishiwe)